Allergic dermatitis

Allergic dermatitis is a common dermatological disease of an allergic nature, developing as a response to the effect of an irritating factor, in our case the allergen. The occurrence of allergic dermatitis is largely predetermined by the predisposition of the patient's organism to the development of allergic reactions. The development rate of dermatitis ranges from a few hours to several weeks.

Causes of allergic dermatitis

Allergic dermatitis is an allergic reaction of the delayed-action organism, in other words, the allergy develops over a long period of time, in case of a sufficiently long contact of the organism with a provoking stimulus. In such cases, allergic reactions involve specific immune cells( more often lymphocytes), and antibodies. This is confirmed by studies of the material obtained from the pathological focus, during which there is always a fairly characteristic sign - in the pathological focus there are large accumulations of immune cells that have left the bloodstream.

Allergens most likely to provoke the development of this disease are all kinds of chemical irritants. More often these are various washing powders, nickel, chrome, insecticides and their compounds. Many allergens among cosmetics and medicines: various hair colors, antibacterial ointments, sintomycin emulsion, etc. Directly the allergen itself can often cause an allergic reaction due to its very small size, but getting into the bloodstream it comes into contact with fairly large proteinsBlood. But the resulting compounds and become the most provoking the development of a response by allergens.

Recently, special importance in the development of contact allergies( the allergy develops due to the contact of the stimulus with the skin) is attached to the phagocyte cells that are directly in the skin layers, which are capable of absorbing and then digesting allergens and skinned immune complexes( chemically bound to the immuneProtein allergen).Already after a few hours from the onset of the provoking allergen on the skin of a sensitive person, the number of these cells can increase by several orders of magnitude.

Allergic phytodermatitis

This kind of dermatitis develops due to exposure of the skin to the juices containing certain plants and pollen, Sensitizer substances. The most pronounced allergenic properties are observed in plants of the family of lily, euphorbia, rumpus and citrus. Often the cause of the development of allergic skin inflammation is such a houseplant of the primrose family as Primula( the reaction provokes the substance contained in the plant - a primitive).

Symptoms of allergic phytodermatitis: Bubble rashes;Redness of the skin area( erythema);Burning and itching of the skin( usually on the hands).

Treatment begins with the mandatory removal of the remnants of the irritant from the skin, for which the affected area is carefully wiped with a cotton swab soaked in ethyl alcohol. Then, corticosteroid ointments( Deperzolone, Prednisolone), as well as softening ointments based on boric acid, are applied to the site of the rash for the purpose of removing the inflammatory process. According to indications, antihistamines

can be used. Toxico-allergic dermatitis( toxicermy)

This kind of dermatitis develops as a result of ingestion of an allergen through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, intravenous or intramuscular injections. It is the intake of medications that is the most common cause of the development of toxic-allergic dermatitis. The most pronounced allergic properties are observed in some anesthetics, sulfonamides and antibiotics. Caused by a single drug, the toxemia in different people can manifest themselves with different symptoms. So, if dermatitis is caused by the use of antibiotics, most often observed flaky erythematous rashes( rarely blisters).If dermatitis develops due to the administration of sulfanilamide preparations, there is usually a fixed erythema on the oral mucosa, hands and groin, which is resolved by residual pigmentation a few days after the provoking drug ceases.

most severe form of toxic and allergic dermatitis is Lyell's syndrome, which manifests itself in a few hours / days after the administration of the drug by a sharp deterioration in the general condition that is manifested by symptoms such as dehydration, weakness, headache, a significant increase in body temperature, nausea, vomiting. Against the background of erythema in the area of ​​the gluteal, axillary folds and in the groin, there are bubbles, in the places of opening which form erosive areas. Depending on the degree of severity, exfoliation of the epithelium can capture from 10 to 90% of the skin, which, in the absence of proper adequate treatment, often leads to death. Treatment

toxic and allergic dermatitis is desensitization of the organism, neutralizing the toxic effect of the drug and its excretion from the body, which are assigned to anti-inflammatory and antihistamines. Therapy of Lyell's syndrome is usually performed in the intensive care unit and consists of the use of high doses of antihistamines and glucocorticoid drugs, as well as in intravenous drip detoxification. In the case of concomitant conjunctivitis, hydrocortisone ophthalmic ointment and drops with dexamethasone are prescribed. Affected areas of the skin are irrigated with corticosteroid aerosols, treated with anti-inflammatory and disinfectants.

Corticosteroid preparations should be given with extreme caution, as they can cause the development of skin atrophy( often on the face).It should also be borne in mind that the local use of antibiotics can lead to the stability of bacteria and the subsequent development of allergies. In connection with the possible development of such serious contraindications, dermatologists usually recommend the non-hormonal cream Skin-Cap, based on activated zinc pyrithione. External treatment of allergic dermatitis with this cream can begin as early as the first year of life, since it completely lacks side effects characteristic of local antibiotics and hormonal drugs. According to the anti-inflammatory effect Cream Skin-Cap is absolutely no way inferior hormonal drugs, and because of its antifungal and antibacterial properties significantly reduce the risk of infection joining and normalizes skin microflora

Allergic contact dermatitis

This type of dermal skin lesions develop in the case of re-exposure to a specific allergen, soAs when the first contact occurs phase of sensitization, in other words it is a continuing order of two weeks formation against an allergyOn specific immunity. After that, upon repeated contact with the stimulus, the body triggers an immune response, which is expressed by an allergic reaction. After the termination of contact with the provoking substance, the symptoms of the disease completely disappear.

most cases, the development of contact dermatitis caused detergents, various dyes, cosmetics, detergents, salts of certain metals( chromium, cobalt, nickel) and the chemical components found in agriculture, construction and industries.

Symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis:

• Emerging blisters at the erosion rupture site that are resolved by the pigmentation of

• Vesicular rash manifested by filled transparent bubbles of

• Puffiness of the lesion site of

• Clearly delimited reddening site at the point of direct contact with the allergen

First of all, treatmentAllergic contact dermatitis should be aimed at eliminating contact with a provoking allergen. In the case of the professional nature of the disease, when the contact with the irritant due to the peculiarities of the specific professional activity, be sure to use personal protective equipment( masks, gloves, spets.obuvi etc.), And at the end of the work shift is mandatory to take a shower. If this does not bring the desired positive results, you should think about the change of professional activity. To facilitate the symptoms of contact dermatitis shows the use of antihistamines( Gistalong, Simpreks, Fenistil) and corticosteroid ointments( deperzolon, prednisolone)

symptoms of atopic dermatitis

Clinical manifestations of this disease resemble the symptoms of the acute stage of eczema. Initially, large spots of redness appear on the skin, after which against the background of which the smallest multiple vesicles are formed, which then burst, leaving in their place continuously moistening superficial skin defects. In their place, small crusts and scales can develop in large numbers. The main focus is absolutely always located in the place of direct contact of the human skin with the allergen.

Allergic dermatitis, like any allergic reaction, is a disease not only of the directly affected organ or area of ​​the body, but of the whole organism as a whole, so the appearance of secondary lesions can be observed in any part of the body. Most often, these are spots of redness, areas of edema and small vesicles, which can range from the site of direct exposure to the allergen very far.

For example, with an allergic skin reaction to mascara, it is possible to develop reddening spots so large that the skin of the entire face, shoulders and neck will be covered. Almost all patients with rashes on the skin complain of a highly annoying intense skin itch that often disrupts normal sleep and daily life.

Allergic dermatitis in children

In children, allergic dermatitis can develop at absolutely any age, and in the youngest it is often combined with foodAn allergy. In the youngest children, this condition is usually called thrush. Dermatitis in children can be both chronic and hereditary.

The development of skin allergic reactions in toddlers is usually due to some malfunction of the immune system and for a push to the development of the disease, only a minor provoking factor, in our case, an allergen, suffices. Under his influence, at the beginning of the course of allergic dermatitis there is a barely noticeable slight reddening on the buttocks and cheeks, red crusts on the nape and insignificant places of skin peeling. Most often, rashes appear on the legs, arms, back, scalp and cheeks. The places of redness are accompanied by itching, scaling and subsequent coarsening of the skin. Typically, the symptoms of allergic dermatitis in children are manifested in the first year of life, from two to six months of age. To a small child, due to severe itching, allergic dermatitis causes very severe suffering.

In case of worsening of allergic dermatitis in children the symptoms of the disease become even more pronounced: erythema( redness) is even more noticeable, the affected skin areas swell, the rash is transformed into vesicles( filled with transparent contents of the vesicles), the itching is markedly enhanced. After this comes the so-called subacute phase, characterized by a fading of symptoms, in which redness partially disappears, but the skin still has dry red crusts. After this, there comes a period of complete disappearance of all cutaneous manifestations of the disease. However, unfortunately the disappearance of all skin symptoms does not mean that the child is completely healthy, since allergic dermatitis is a chronic disease.

Allergic dermatitis in children varies according to their age, according to what it was divided into the following conditional phases:

• Infant phase. It often begins with the eighth week of life and manifests skin lesions( usually on the forehead and cheeks) of an acute eczematous nature. After this, changes gradually begin to appear on the forearms, shoulders and lower legs( rarely on the buttocks and trunk).Infant phase of allergic dermatitis can sometimes be cured spontaneously, but more often its transition to the next phase of

is observed. • Children's phase. This phase begins after one and a half years and lasts until the most transitional age. During the course of the childhood phase, the rash often spreads throughout the body, thereby forming continuous lesions, which are covered with crusts as a result of permanent combing. Usually, rash spots are observed in the popliteal and ulnar folds, on the hands, on the upper chest and on the lateral surfaces of the neck. In most children, the rash eventually remains only on the knee and elbow folds of

. • Adult stage. This stage occurs during the transition period and in its clinical symptomatology is no different from the symptoms of allergic dermatitis in adults

Diagnosis of allergic dermatitis .Most often, the diagnosis of allergic dermatitis does not cause any special difficulties and is based on the patient's data obtained during the survey and on a thorough visual examination of his skin. In all observed cases, the manifestations of an allergic reaction are specific and specific for allergic dermatitis, however, to confirm the correctness of the diagnosis, the use of skin allergic tests is indicated.

Treatment of allergic dermatitis

The tactics of treating allergic dermatitis are based on the results of a preliminary examination and are assigned exclusively individually. Unfortunately, as practice has shown, the cause causing this terribly unpleasant skin disease of an allergic nature can not always be eliminated and not all. But the symptoms and possible consequences can be removed with the help of special desensitizing therapy and hypoallergenic diet.

Since histamine usually causes inflammation of the skin, antihistamines should be used in the treatment of allergic contact dermatitis, better than the third generation( Telfast, Zirtek, Erius, etc.), which are virtually devoid of side effects compared to first and second generation drugs. For local treatment for inflammation of the skin with the presence of erosions and blisters, corticosteroid ointments Elidel, Advantan, Lokoid are recommended. If allergic contact dermatitis develops on the face, use Advantan emulsion, which is applied a thin layer on the face skin( slightly rubbing) no more than once a day.